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from the language of the Brahmanas. This kind of prose-work becomes too elaborate to be preserved or got by rote. The compilers now hit at the other extreme. T would be more concise and precise. References must be faeiK-tated. Thus brevity took the place of verbosity This is origin of the literature of the Sutras. This strong maaia aphorism was too hard to be exorcised. The savin* rather proverbial that "an author rejoiceth in the economising of half a short vowel as much as in the birth of a son. " Sot»e-times the sutras were so megre as to have a single syllable i*» it, illustrations of which Panini can furnish in abundance -Rulesofinberpretation were Equally hard and the principle of descent and cessation of ideas Wasi3ke chief standard of constr u c-tion. Apart from any want of artistic excellence, they form an ingenious part of Indian literature, to which no other nation can offer a parallel. In a very short time, every department of science or religion began to have a -sutra literature of its own, so that by the beginning of the Christian era the six schools of philosophy could refer each to its own sutra-writer. Then came the vrittis, which were the sutras themselves in a more expanded form and in some cases contained hints at the intetweealfcm of the sutras. The language of both the sutras and the vrittis gave rfse to differences of opinion among the learned, which difference necessitated commentaries expressive of the arguments in support of the author's interpretation. These were the Bhashyas. Strictly speaking, the evils, which. the sutra literature was intented to remedy, once more appeared— evils in the sense of elaborateness. With some medications at least, prose came forward for some time but retracted its steps back to its original form. The Bhashya litieratere therefore strongly resembles the Brahmanas but with a few varMfcm. tke temts of the Bhashyas have