imbedded into it a verse from the Ramayana in a slightly vernacular form. Hence our poem precedes the Jataka age.
2. The Greeks are mentioned only twice and that under the vague name of Yavanas, which word embraces not only the Greeks but many of those alien races that had from time to time made inroads on N. W. India. The theory of the translation of the Greek poems into the Indian epics has no standing ground. So our epic composition must have preceded the Greek invasions.
3. The city of Pataliputra was built about 400 B. C. under "Kalasoka and which about 350 B. C. became the capital of an empire. While the Ramayana refers to cities of Eastern Hindustan, it makes no mention of this important city. The only deduction is that the composition of the poem preceded the foundation of the city.
4. The capital of the Kosala Kingdom is called Ayodhya in the poem, whereas the name Saketa is given to it by the Buddhists and the Jains. It is said that Lava fixed his seat of Government at Sravasti. Our poem must have been composed when the old capital Ayodhya was not yet deserted and by "Buddha's time the Kosala capital was under King Prasenajit of Sravasti. ,'
5. The Ramayana speaks of Mithila and Visala as two independent principalities, whereas by Buddha's time they were united into the single city of Vaisali under an oligarchical Government.
6. The patriarchal form of Government as depicted in theier -commentator is Sarvagna Narayana, large fragments of whose notes have been preserved and who cannot have written later than the 2nd half of the I4th century, but may be somewhat